ICT4LT Resource Centre

 

 

 

 

Contents

The Resource Centre is maintained by Graham Davies. Feedback welcomed.

Getting started on the Internet

See Module 1.5, Introduction to the Internet.

Learn the Net: A good beginner's guide to the Internet, available in English, French and Spanish: http://www.learnthenet.com/english/index.html

Email: Sherwood K. (1998) A beginner's guide to effective email: http://www.webfoot.com/advice/email.top.html

Useful Web links

Module 1.5, Module 2.3 and Module 3.3 all focus on the Internet and the World Wide Web. Specific lists of links can be found in the bibliography and references section of each of these three modules. The list of links here is limited to links relating to topics dealt with in other ICT4LT modules, plus a number of official government sites, EU sites and Council of Europe sites. For a comprehensive list of links relating to language learning and teaching see Graham Davies's Favourite Websites. This is a bigger and more detailed set of links than those listed below, and it's updated every week: http://www.camsoftpartners.co.uk/websites.htm

General

The Ashcombe School's Language College MFL pages: Lots of materials, advice, software evaluations, worksheets, exercises for different languages, etc. A comprehensive and well maintained site - a lot more useful than most of the sites maintained by UK government agencies: http://www.ashcombe.surrey.sch.uk/Curriculum/modlang. See Case Study 5 in Module 3.1, Managing a multimedia language centre.

Assessment and Testing: See the module on Computer Aided Assessment (CAA) and language learning: Module 4.1. See Language Testing.

Babel Fish: An automatic translation package, based on a package originally known as Systran: http://babelfish.altavista.com. Not 100% perfect but certainly conveys the gist of a text. See Section 3, Module 3.5, headed Machine Translation.

BBC Languages: A wealth of online language learning materials at the BBC site: http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/

BECTA: British Educational Communications and Technology Agency, formerly known as NCET (National Council for Educational Technology): http://www.becta.org.uk. BECTA's huge labyrinthine website contains useful material on ICT in education in general, but tends to be a bit "techie". Modern Foreign Languages are not all that well represented at the BECTA website, but see the section headed Modern Foreign Languages at the BECTA Schools site: http://schools.becta.org.uk. Interestingly, BECTA seems to be blissfully ignorant of the existence of ICT4LT and EUROCALL!

British Council: The British Council is the UK's international organisation for educational and cultural relations: http://www.britishcouncil.org. Its purpose is to enhance the UK's reputation in the world as a valued partner. It does this by creating opportunities for people worldwide with programmes in education, English language teaching, the arts, science, governance and information through a network of 230 offices and teaching centres in 109 countries. The British Council receives a grant-in-aid from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and earns income from teaching English, conducting British examinations and managing development and training contracts.

C&IT Centre, University of Hull: Formerly known as the CTICML (1989-2000). The C&IT Centre closed down in 2002, bringing to an end a long association between Hull and language learning technology. Some C&IT/CTICML resources have been integrated into the LLAS (Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics, and Area Studies), University of Southampton: http://www.llas.ac.uk. Other resources have been integrated into the EUROCALL website and CALL@Hull, Fred Riley's website: http://www.fredriley.org.uk/call/langsite

CILT: The Centre for Information on Language Teaching, London - now known as the National Centre for Languages - which is a single national body embracing CILT and the Languages National Training Organisation (LNTO): http://www.cilt.org.uk. CILT is probably the leading information centre on language teaching in Europe. They’re doing a grand job! CILT is a partner in the ICT4LT project and collaborates with the LLAS (Subject Centre for Languages Linguistics and Area Studies), University of Southampton: http://www.llas.ac.uk. ICT features prominently in CILT's activities - check the website's publications section and the ICT links. See also Languages ICT, a new initiative by CILT and ALL.

Common European Framework (CEFR) of Reference for Languages: The main aim of the Council of Europe's Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for Languages is described thus: "... the Council of Europe should develop a comprehensive, transparent and coherent framework of reference for the description of language learning and teaching at all levels. This instrument will provide a basis for the international comparison of objectives and qualifications, thus facilitating personal and vocational mobility in Europe, and will provide a valuable tool for policy making in member States." The six levels of language proficiency that are described in the CEFR are used as yardstick in the DIALANG diagnostic testing project and in most EFL/ESOL examinations. See: http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/ and http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/CADRE_EN.asp. See also Section 2.2, Module 4.1, which contains detailed information on the CEFR in the context of Language Testing.

Copyright: See our General guidelines on copyright. Useful information on copyright and many links to websites containing detailed information on copyright legislation.

Corpora: See Module 3.4 on corpus linguistics Module 2.4 on classroom concordancing - where you will find lots of other Web links. A CORPUSCALL discussion list has been initiated at: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/corpuscall.html

Council of Europe: Not to be confused with the European Union. The main site of the Council of Europe is at: http://www.coe.int, but ICT4LT site visitors are probably most interested in the Council of Europe's work in promoting language learning: see Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for Languages. See also the site of the Council of Europe's European Centre for Modern Languages (ECML).

Courses in CALL: For a list of postgraduate courses in CALL see EUROCALL's list of links: http://www.eurocall-languages.org/resources/courses.html

CTICML, University of Hull: The CTICML (Computers in Teaching Initiatitive Centre for Modern Languages) was established at the University of Hull in 1989. It was renamed the C&IT Centre in 2000 and finally closed down in 2002, bringing to an end a long association between Hull and language learning technology.

Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF): http://www.dcsf.gov.uk - formerly called the Department for Education and Skills (DfES). One of two ministries responsible for Education in the UK, the other one being the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS): http://www.dius.gov.uk. A useful source of information of information, but I do wish they would stop reorganising their websites and failing to indicate where important documents have gone. Now that the DfES has changed its name (June 2007) wait for all the URLs containing dfes to disappear. See:

DIALANG: A major EU-funded project on diagnostic language testing, co-ordinated by the Freie Universität Berlin: http://www.dialang.org. The project aims to design sets of diagnostic tests at the six Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) levels in 14 EU languages. See Section 2.2.1, Module 4.1 for further information on DIALANG.

Education Forum: An international forum which enables anyone from all over the world interested in education to post information, ask questions, and to take part in debates about education. The forum also helps teachers to find partners for subject specific and cross-curricular curriculum projects. It is hoped that the forum will provide a world community of teachers. Most of the website is in English but there are also sections in other languages. Graham Davies is Moderator of the MFL section - which is currently a bit quiet: http://educationforum.ipbhost.com

European Centre for Modern Languages (ECML): The Council of Europe's centre in Graz, Austria. The ECML runs regular workshops for teachers of foreign languages, including workshops on ICT. The website includes reports on past workshops, useful resources, and announcements of forthcoming activities: http://www.ecml.at

European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL): An internationally recognised qualification in ICT: http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=nav.5829. See also the ECDL for Education, which is designed specifically to help teachers, support staff and ICT coordinators develop practical computing skills for teaching and learning in the classroom and leads to an internationally recognised level of certification: http://www.educatorsecdl.com

European Language Council: A professional association, set up with the aid of European Commission funding, which aims to act as a forum and a lobby group: http://www.celelc.org. Includes a Policy Group on New Technologies and Language Learning.

European Union: This is the European Union's homepage, with lots of multilingual links and links to the EU's key programmes and activities: http://europa.eu

Futurelab: A high-tech educational initiative sponsored - maybe a bit too leading-edge for some people. They are beginning to become active in the area of ICT and Modern Foreign Languages and have produced the following articles and reports and articles:

Good Practice Guide: Located at the website of the LLAS (Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies), University of Southampton: http://www.llas.ac.uk. Contains a collection of commissioned articles written by recognised authorities in their field and reviewed by an editorial board. Browse the guide via author name or subject (e.g. Computer Assisted Language Learning, an article by Graham Davies): http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/guidecontents.aspx

HUMBUL: The HUMBUL Humanities Hub has now been merged into Intute: Arts and Humanities.

iLoveLanguages: A comprehensive guide to language-related Web sites. Tyler Chambers (né Jones) is a great gatherer of information about foreign languages. You’ll find these pages worth a visit: http://www.ilovelanguages.com/

Intute: Arts and Humanities: A free online service for higher education in the UK, providing access to Web resources for education and research, selected and evaluated by a network of subject specialists. There are over 21,000 Web resources listed here that are freely available by keyword searching and browsing: http://www.intute.ac.uk/artsandhumanities/

Language Learning and Technology: A refereed journal, available only on the Web. A goldmine of information: http://llt.msu.edu/

Language Testing: See the module on Computer Aided Assessment (CAA) and language learning: Module 4.1. See also DIALANG.

Languages ICT Website: A website for people interested in ICT and languages, maintained by CILT and the Association for Language Learning: http://www.languages-ict.org.uk

Linguanet Forum: A discussion list for language teachers and researchers: http://www.mailtalk.ac.uk/lists/linguanet-forum.html

Linguanet Europa: A multilingual project which developed out of the original Linguanet project (now defunct). A substantial online catalogue of language learning resources is being built up here. This project is currently undergoing expansion to incorporate an interface in a number of new languages and addressing in particular the needs of adult learners: http://www.linguanet-europa.org

LLAS: Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies, based at the University of Southampton: http://www.llas.ac.uk. This new centre is part of the Higher Education Academy: http://www.heacademy.ac.uk. See The Good Practice Guide.

The Open University Faculty of Education and Language Studies: The Open University offers distance learning courses in Modern Languages. Study materials include printed course books and audio materials that cover survival language for the traveller as well as the communication skills needed in a range of settings, at home, work or leisure.The Open University makes use of both face-to-face tuition and online tuition using a voice and visual conferencing system: http://www.open.ac.uk/education-and-languages/. See the LearningSpace page for sample materials in French, German and Spanish: http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/category.php?id=9. See also this page for general information on distance learning: http://www.open.ac.uk/new/distance-learning.shtml

National Curriculum (UK) website: http://curriculum.qca.org.uk

Research: How effective is ICT as a tool for teaching and learning foreign languages? See BECTA’s ImpaCT2 (2002) study, which claims that ICT has the potential to improve the quality and standard of pupils' education and has some positive things to say about using ICT in teaching Modern Foreign Languages: http://www.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/ImpaCT2_strand1_report.pdf. See also BECTA's document entitled, What the research says about using ICT in Modern Foreign Languages: http://www.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/wtrs_mfl.pdf and BECTA's discussion list at http://lists.becta.org.uk/mailman/listinfo/research. See also EUROCALL's pages on research: http://www.eurocall-languages.org/research/index.html

Viruses, spam, adware and spyware: See Graham Davies's Cautionary Tale, in which he describes his own experience with viruses, how to get rid of viruses and recent virus threats. There are also references to spam, adware and spyware: http://www.camsoftpartners.co.uk/bugs.htm

Web Archive (Wayback Machine): Dead links on the Web are a growing problem. You find a nice site, bookmark it, or add it to a list of links like this one, and the next time that you try to access it, it's gone or, worse still, it's been transmogrified into an offensive site. Linkrot is a growing disease. It was estimated that in 1999 nearly 30% of the links on the Web were dead - and the situation is probably a lot worse now. However, salvation has arrived: the Web Archive (Wayback Machine) at http://www.archive.org. To start using the Web Archive to surf the Web as it was, you just type a URL (a website address) a dialogue box, click the Take Me Back button, and start exploring the past. The site also contains an efficient text search facility.

WELL: The Web Enhanced Language Learning (WELL) project, co-ordinated by William Haworth, Liverpool John Moores University, was set up in 1997 with assistance from the higher education Fund for the Development of Teaching and Learning (FDTL) in order to promote wider awareness and more effective use of the World Wide Web in Modern Foreign Languages teaching across higher education in the UK. The funding period came to an end in August 2001 and the project is now inactive, but the website is still available as an archive: http://www.well.ac.uk

Authoring tools

See Module 2.5, Introduction to CALL authoring programs. This module describes a number of different online and offlline authoring tools. See especially Section 6, Module 2.5, headed Language-specific tools for a multimedia age.

The Authoring Suite: Wida Software's popular integrated authoring package, consisting of a suite of seven different tools for creating different kinds of CALL exercises: http://www.wida.co.uk/acrobat/authsuit.pdf. See Section 8, Module 1.4, headed Text manipulation.

Fun with Texts: Camsof't integrated text manipulation authoring package, consisting of seven different types of CALL exercises, now available in a new multimedia version: http://www.camsoftpartners.co.uk/fwt.htm. See Section 8, Module 1.4, headed Text manipulation.

Hot Potatoes: A suite of Web authoring tools for language teachers, written by Martin Holmes and Stewar Arneil at the University of Victoria, Canada - and free! Create your own Web exercises in Windows or Mac format: http://hotpot.uvic.ca. A Clipart Library for use with Hot Potatoes and other authoring tools is available at the University of Victoria site: http://web.uvic.ca/hcmc/clipart

Quandary: A package from the Hot Potatoes team (see above). Quandary is used for designing Action Mazes or Text Mazes: http://www.halfbakedsoftware.com/quandary.php. What is an Action Maze? See the Quandary website and the entry under Maze in the ICT4LT Glossary.

Quia: Includes lots of ready-made examples in foreign languages and a variety of other subjects - all submitted by keen registered users: http://www.quia.com

Markin: Not strictly a Web authoring tool, but a very useful package for marking work submitted by students as text data via email or as a word-processed document: http://www.cict.co.uk/software/markin/. Markin was developed as a marking system for courses delivered via the Internet. It can produce marked work in the form of HTML files that can be delivered back to students and viewed by them in a Web browser, or as RTF files that can be viewed in a word-processor.

Vokabel: Create your own vocab exercises - complete with lots of ready-made examples in English, French, German and Spanish: http://www.vokabel.com

Search engines

See also Section 4, Module 1.5, headed How to find on materials of the Web.

Alta Vista: A fast search engine that produces very rapid results: http://www.altavista.com

Ask: A search engine that allows you to ask questions in "real" English, e.g. How can I improve my French?
http://uk.ask.com

Branchez-vous: a search engine and a magazine in French: http://www.branchez-vous.com

Google: An efficient search engine, and currently the most popular on the Web. Simple to use and very fast. Try the "I'm feeling lucky" button, which homes in on the site that is most likely to fulfil your needs. You can also search for images and news items in the world's press. Two other useful features of Google: (i) type "define:" immediately in front of a word and Google will search for definitions of that word; (ii) type "link:" immediately in front of a URL and Google will find Web pages that link to that URL. Google's UK homepage is at http://www.google.co.uk. Try Google's Language Tools at http://www.google.co.uk/language_tools and search the Web in a variety of different languages. Google also offers a basic automatic translation service - not 100% accurate but it will give you an idea of what the text or website is all about.

Rambler: A Russian directory and a search engine: http://www.rambler.ru

Schnellsuche: A super search engine and a magazine in German: http://www.schnellsuche3.de

Search Engine Guide: http://www.searchengineguide.com

The Spider's Apprentice: a guide to search engines and search techniques, with links to sites that will help you learn to search effectively: http://www.monash.com/spidap.html

Yahoo (UK & Ireland): http://uk.yahoo.com

Yahoo (USA): http://www.yahoo.com

Yahoo (France): http://fr.yahoo.com

Yahoo (Germany): http://de.yahoo.com

Yahoo (Italy): http://it.yahoo.com

Yahoo (Spain): http://es.yahoo.com

Professional associations

ALL: The Association for Language Learning's website: http://www.all-languages.org.uk. Lots of information and useful links.You can browse the ALLNET discussion list archives at: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/allnet.html. See also Languages ICT, an initiative by ALL and CILT.

APACALL: The Asia-Pacific Association for CALL, University of Southern Queensland, Australia: http://www.apacall.org

CALICO: A professional association devoted to promoting the use of technology enhanced language learning. Based at the University of South West Texas, USA: http://www.calico.org. CALICO's sister association in Europe is EUROCALL.

CERCLES: Confédération Européenne des Centres de Langues dans l’Enseignement Supérieur / European Confederation of Language Centres in Higher Education / Europäische Konföderation der Hochschulsprachenzentren: http://www.cercles.org/

European Language Council (ELC): A professional association for language learning in higher education, set up with the aid of European Commission funding, which aims to act as a forum and a lobby group. Includes a Policy Group on New Technologies and Language Learning: http://www.celelc.org

EUROCALL: EUROCALL is a professional association devoted to promoting the use of technology enhanced language learning, founded as a group on enthusiasts in 1986 and established with the aid of European Commission funding as a formal professional association in 1993: http://www.eurocall-languages.org. EUROCALL's original HQ was at the University of Hull, UK, but in 2003 it found a new home at the University of Limerick, Ireland. There is a wealth of information at the main EUROCALL website, with numerous links to publications and other sources of information. You can also join the EUROCALL Discussion List at: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/eurocall-members.html. EUROCALL's sister association in the USA is CALICO.

IALLT: The US-based International Association for Language Learning Technology, originally known as IALL (International Association for Learning Labs). IALLT is a professional organisation dedicated to promoting effective uses of media centres for language teaching, learning, and research: http://www.iallt.org

IATEFL: The UK-based International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language: http://www.iatefl.org. IATEFL embraces a Special Interest Group for Learning Technologies - formerly known as the Computer SIG and formerly known as MUESLI (Micro Users in ESL Institutions): http://ltsig.org.uk. The SIG's publicly accessible discussion list is at http://ltsig.org.uk/discussion-list.html

LET: Language Education and Technology (LET) assocation of Japan, formerly known as the Language Laboratory Association (LLA), which now embraces a wider range of language learning technologies: http://www.j-let.org

WorldCALL: The worldwide association of CALL associations, which is in the process of establishing itself as an official profession association. The first WorldCALL conference was held at the University of Melbourne in 1998, and the second WorldCALL conference took place in Banff, Canada, 2003. The next WorldCALL conference will be held in in Japan in 2008: http://www.worldcall.org

CALL bibliography

Bibliographies

This section of the Resource Centre comprises all the works referenced in the 16 modules of the ICT4LT site. See also:

EUROCALL's CALL Bibliography: http://www.eurocall-languages.org/resources/bibliography/. This is a comprehensive list of CALL publications, including other bibliographies on the Web.

Online Journals: Akbarian I. (2003) "Online journals related to foreign language teaching and learning", Language Learning Journal (ALL) 28: 77-80. A comprehensive list of journals available on the Web.

Special Educational Needs: See David Ritichie Wilson's comprehensive bibliography, references and links realting to the teaching of Modern Foreign Languages to children with Special Educational Needs: http://www.specialeducationalneeds.com/mfl/mflsenictbiblio.pdf

Books and articles

Aarts J. (1991) "Intuition-based and observation-based grammars". In Aijmer K. & Altenberg B. (eds.) English corpus linguistics. Studies in honour of Jan Svartvik, London: Longman: 44-62.

Aarts J. & Meijs W. (eds.) (1986) Corpus Linguistics II, Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Abeillé A. (1992) "A lexicalised tree adjoining grammar for French and its relevance to language teaching". In Swartz M. & Yazdani M. (eds.) Intelligent tutoring systems for foreign language learning: the bridge to international communication, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Abney S. (1997) "Part-of-speech tagging and partial parsing". In Young S. & Bloothooft G. (eds.) Corpus-based methods in language and speech processing, Dordrecht: Kluwer AcademicPublishers.

Ahern T., Peck K. & Laycock M. (1992) "The effects of teacher discourse in computer-mediated discussion", Journal of Educational Computing Research 8, 3: 291–309.

Ahmad K., Corbett G., Rogers M. & Sussex R. (1985) Computers, language learning and language teaching, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Aijmer K. & Altenberg B. (eds.) (1991) English corpus linguistics. Studies in honour of Jan Svartvik, London: Longman.

Aldrich F., Rogers Y. & Scaife M. (1998) "Getting to grips with 'interactivity': helping teachers assess the educational value of CD-ROMs", British Journal of Educational Technology (BJET) 29, 4: 321-332.

Allen J. (1995) Natural language understanding, New York: Benjamins/Cummings Publishing Company.

Alwang G. (1999) "Speech recognition", PC Magazine, 10 November 1999.

Arnold D., Balkan. L, Meijer S., Humphreys R. L. & Sadler L. (1994) Machine Translation: an introductory guide, Manchester: NEC Blackwell. Also on the Web at: http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/MTbook

Atkinson T. (1992) Hands off. It's my go! IT in the languages classroom, London: CILT in association with NCET.

Atkinson T. (2002, 2nd Edition) WWW: the Internet (CILT Infotech Series No. 3), London: CILT. For further information on the CILT Infotech series, see http://www.cilt.org.uk/publications/infotech.htm

Atkinson T. (ed.) (2001) Reflections on ICT, London: CILT.

Bailey R. & Dugard C. (2007) Lights, camera, action! Digital video in the languages classroom (CILT New Pathfinder No. 6), London: CILT.

Bangs P. (2000) "Technology enhanced language learning", The Linguist 39, 2: 38-41.

Bangs P. (2001) EUROCALL 2001 paper entitled "Will the Web catch enough flies? Where Web-based learning cannot yet reach".

Bangs P. (2002) "Authoring, pedagogy and the Web: expectations versus reality", International Journal of English Studies, Monograph Issue 2, 1: New Trends in Computer Assisted Language Learning and Teaching, edited by Pascual Pérez Paredes & Pascual Cantos Gómez, Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Spain. Available at: http://www.um.es/ijes/vol2n1/03-PaulBangs.pdf

Bangs P. (2003) "Engaging the learner - how to author for best feedback". In Felix U. (ed.) Language learning online: towards best practice, Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Bangs P. & Shield L. (1999) "Why change authors into programmers?", ReCALL 11, 1: 19-29. Available at:
http://www.eurocall-languages.org/recall/pdf/rvol11no1.pdf

Barson J. & Debski R. (1996) "Calling back CALL: technology in the service of foreign language learning based on creativity, contingency, and goal-oriented activity". In Warschauer M. (ed.) Telecollaboration in foreign language learning, Honolulu: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center: 49-68.

Bax S. (2003) "CALL - past, present and future", System 31, 1: 13-28.

Bax S. & Chambers A. (2006) "Making CALL work: towards normalisation", System 34, 4: 465-479.

Beaton R., Brown E. et al. (1986) Call for the computer, London: Council for Educational Technology.

Beatty K. (2003) Teaching and researching computer assisted language learning, Applied Linguistics in Action Series, Harlow: Pearson Education.

BECTA (2002) ImpaCT2: The impact of Information and Communication Technologies on pupil learning and attainment, Coventry, BECTA: http://www.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/ImpaCT2_strand1_report.pdf

BECTA (2004) What the research says about using ICT in Modern Foreign Languages, Coventry: BECTA: http://www.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/wtrs_mfl.pdf

BECTA (2007) The Impact of ICT in schools: a landscape review: http://tinyurl.com/2cdfka

Bel E. & Ingraham B. (1997) "Understanding the potential of the Internet for language teaching and learning". In Kohn J., Rüschoff B. & Wolff D. (eds.) New horizons in CALL: proceedings of EUROCALL 96, Szombathely, Hungary: Dániel Berzsenyi College.

Bennett P. & Paggio P. (eds.) (1993) Preference in EUROTRA, Luxembourg: European Commission.

Berer M. & Rinvolucri M. (1981) MAZES: a problem-solving reader, London: Heinemann.

Berners-Lee T. (1998) The World Wide Web: a very short personal history: http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/ShortHistory.html

Bertin J-C. (2001) "CALL material structure and learner competence". In Chambers A. & Davies G. (eds.) Information and Communications Technologies in language learning: a European perspective, Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Bickerton D. (1999) "Authoring and the academic linguist: the challenge of MMCALL". In Cameron K. (ed.) CALL: media, design and applications, Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Bickerton D. (2000) "Can (and should) academic linguists become multimedia authors?" In Fremdsprachenlernen mit Multimedia [...], Triangle 17, 30–31 janvier 1998, Paris: ENS Editions (for Goethe-Institut, ENS Fontenay/Saint-Cloud, The British Council).

Bickerton D., Ginet A., Stenton T., Temmerman M. & Vasankari T. (1997) Final report of the RAPIDO project. Plymouth, UK: University of Plymouth (Socrates Project TM-LD-1995-1-GB-58).

Bickerton D., Stenton T. & Temmermann M. (2001) "Criteria for the evaluation of authoring tools in language education". In Chambers A. & Davies G. (eds.) Information and Communications Technologies in language learning: a European perspective, Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Biesenbach-Lucas S. & Weasenforth D. (2001) "Email and word-processing in the ESL classroom: how the medium affects the message", Language Learning and Technology 5, 1: 135-165: http://llt.msu.edu/vol5num1/weasenforth/default.html

Bloom L. (1970) Language development: form and function in emerging grammars, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Bonk C.J. & King K.S. (1998) "Introduction to electronic collaborators". In Bonk C.J. & King K.S. (eds.) Electronic collaborators: learner-centred technologies for literacy, apprenticeship, and discourse, Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum.

Blin F., Chénik N. & Thompson J. (eds.) (1998) CALL courseware development: a handbook. Hull: EUROCALL, CTI Centre for Modern Languages, University of Hull. Available in Acrobat PDF format at the ICT4LT site: Courseware_Directory.pdf

Bloothooft G., Dommelen W., van Espain C., Green P., Hazan V. & Wigforss E. (eds.) (1997) The landscape of future education in speech communication sciences: (1) analysis, Utrecht, Institute of Linguistics, University of Utrecht: OTS Publications.

Bloothooft G., van Dommelen W., Espain C., Hazan V., Huckvale M. & Wigforss E. (eds.) (1998)The landscape of future education in speech communication sciences: (2) proposals, Utrecht, Institute of Linguistics, University of Utrecht: OTS Publications.

Boas F. (1940) Race, language and culture, New York: Macmillan.

Bolt P. & Yazdani M. (1998) "The evolution of a grammar-checking program: LINGER to ISCA", CALL 11, 1: 55-112.

Bongers H. (1947) The history and principles of vocabulary control, Worden: Wocopi.

Borchardt F. (1995) "Language and computing at Duke University: or, Virtue Triumphant, for the time being", CALICO Journal 12, 4: 57-83.

Bowerman C. (1993) Intelligent computer-aided language learning. LICE: a system to support undergraduates writing in German, Manchester: UMIST, Unpublished doctoral dissertation.

Bowers R. (1995) "WWW-Based Instruction for EST". In Orr T. (ed.) English for science and technology: profiles and perspectives, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan: Center for Language Research, University of Aizu: 5-8.

Bowers R. (1996) "Web publishing for students of EST". In Warschauer M. (ed.) Virtual connections: online activities and projects for networking language learners, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center.

Bradin C. (1997) "The Dark Side of the Web", FLEAT 97 paper: http://edvista.com/claire/darkweb/index.html

Brandl K. (2005) "Are you ready to Moodle?" Language Learning and Technology 9, 2: http://llt.msu.edu/vol9num2/review1

Brehony T. & Ryan K. (1994) "Francophone stylistic grammar checking (FSGC): using link grammars", CALL 7, 3: 257-269.

Brett P. (1994) "Using text reconstruction software", ELT Journal, 48: 329-336.

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